Density and morphology: from the building scale to the city scale

The density of the domestic building stock London is explored, moving from scale individual house and blocks flats, through larger geographical units, to complete boroughs. description highly detailed made using 3DStock method, which derives geometry digital maps LiDAR (laser measurements overflying aircraft). This means that accurate estimates floor areas can be used measure densities as Floor Space Index (FSI) values. Ground coverage or (GSI) values are calculated footprints land boundaries. Spacemate tool, devised by Berghauser Pont Haupt, plot types ages dwellings in terms FSI, GSI numbers storeys. Figures for actual annual gas electricity consumption attached each dwelling. Analysis shows that, general, energy-use intensities—and especially intensity use heating—decrease with increasing density, transition between types, detached, semi-detached, terraces, (low-rise) flats. Policy/practice relevance findings should interest planners policy-makers concerned energy stock, how this may reduced fabric measures. paper provides data on housing not previously available form FSI Urban designers architects gain a fuller understanding relation built these, turn, affect use.